Chemical element titanium and uses and areas of raw

Titanium is a chemical element in the periodic table symbol Ti and atomic weight of 22. transition metal lightweight, strong, with a sheen and rust resistant (including sea water and chlorine), and color of silvery white metal.

Titanium is used in strong light-weight alloys (especially with iron and aluminum) and its compounds are more common are titanium dioxide, which is used in white pigments. It uses those white pigments: White means printing Correction Correction fluid, paints white. And it is also used in toothpaste, white road signs, and fireworks white color.

Titanium chemical element symbol Ti. It is a lightweight metal silver gray color. And atomic number 22, and atomic weight 47.867. Located between the density of titanium aluminum density and density of stainless steel, and melts at 1667 ° m (+ 10 ° m) and boils at 3287 ° m. Titanium resists corrosion caused by sea water or sea air, like platinum. In this feature stainless steel over. Acids or alkalis high corrosion on titanium and do not affect. A malleable metal, and has a power higher than the weight of steel rate. All these qualities make him Vlza of great importance.


The first commercial use of the Titanium is used in the form of oxide substitute for white lead in paint. The titanium dioxide or titanium mixture produce oxygen as a color chromosome white with high strength to cover the surfaces during paint. Titanium dioxide in floor coverings, paper, plastic and Chinese painting and welding rods and rubber industry is also used. The barium titanate, a compound of barium and titanium, it can be used as a substitute for crystals in TVs and radar and microphones and tape recorders. Jewels and make titania crystals of titanium dioxide. When cut and polished, the titania to become brighter than the diamond; though not in its hardness. The third use of titanium chloride or titanium mixed with chlorine in the work of the curtains of smoke and as a starting point for the minerals industry.


And it works as a titanium metal foundry important. Armed forces used massive amounts of titanium in aircraft and jet engines because it's strong and light. It also can resist temperatures up to 427 ° degrees C and Vlza that make it useful in multiple types of mechanisms. Because of the high properties, the Titanium for a number of potential uses, such as armored panels for ships and steam-turbine blades, surgical devices and instruments. And it will use the transportation industry huge amounts of titanium in buses and trains and rail cars, if you reduce the price of titanium so that competes with the price of steel, not corroding.

The existence of raw areas

Titanium comes rank Ktasa abundant element. But the difficulty of extracting the metal to make it a high cost. Never never be found in pure titanium case. It is found in Alaalmnat or rutile. It can also be found in magnetite Altetanomi, and Altinayat and iron. See: Alaalmnat; rutile; Altetanomi, crude.

Of the main producing countries Titanium Australia, China, India, Canada, South Africa, Malaysia, Norway and the United States of America. There are in all of Ukraine and Russia as well as large amounts of titanium deposits, but that production figures are not available.

Titanium is the first transition metal elements, and has a composition-mail Ar] 3d24S2]. Titanium and five natural isotopes of atomic masses sandwiched between (46) and (50) also has three isotopes of artificial atomic masses (43, 44 and 45).

Titanium elements of the wide spread in nature, comes in fourth place after aluminum, iron, magnesium, as an accounting in the earth's crust

About 0.63% by weight.

Discovered titanium from Vlzh known as ilmenite Elminite year (1790) by the English world, William Gregor William Gregor also discovered Vlzh known as Rutile Rutile year (1794) by the German scientist Klaproth Klaproth named by the latter titanium named after the children of Titan (Earthlings ) in Greek mythology.

The Alalimat FeTiO3 and rutile TiO2 of the most important metals titanium, two rife in the United States of America, Canada, India, Australian, Norway and other countries, and is limited to the importance of these metals in the preparation of titanium metal and titanium alloys and Oksidh with iron.

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Chemical element in phosphate and chemical properties

Phosphate in inorganic chemistry is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry the phosphate or organophosphate Balanگlazeyh: Organophosphate is an ester of phosphoric acid. And phosphate is of great importance in biochemistry and Biochemistry and Earth Balanگlazeyh: Biogeochemistry. It is one of the mineral wealth of the Muslim world, especially Morocco, Egypt, Jordan and Palestine.
Chemical properties
Ion phosphate ion is a multi-atoms and has empirical formula PO43- and has a molar mass of 94.973 g / mol; It consists of one phosphorus atom surrounded by four central similar atoms of oxygen in order of publication in the form of four-tetrahedron. He holds ion phosphate shipment tray formal charge negative amount minus three, which is the conjugate base of the hydrogenphosphate ion, HPO42-, which is the conjugate base of H2PO4-, dual hydrogen phosphate ion, which in turn is the conjugate base of H3PO4, phosphoric acid. A hypervalent molecule (phosphorus atom has 10 electrons in its valence shell). Phosphate is also Organophosphorus compound organophosphorus formula OP (OR) / * chemical properties * / 3
Salt and phosphate ion is formed when dock positive oxygen atoms with a negative charge on the ion, forming ionic compound. And many of the phosphates they may not be soluble in water at the temperature and pressure Alkiesaan.

More precisely, considering the following three equilibrium reactions:

H3PO4 ⇌ H + + H2PO4-
H2PO4- ⇌ H + + HPO42-
HPO42- ⇌ H + + PO43-
the corresponding constants at 25 ° C (in mol / L) are (see phosphoric acid):

 K_ {a1} = \ frac {[\ mbox {H} ^ +] [\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} {{[\ mbox {H} _3 \ mbox PO} _4]} \ simeq 7.5 \ times10 ^ {- 3}

K_ {a2} = \ frac {[\ mbox {H} ^ +] [\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} \ simeq 6.2 \ times10 ^ {- 8}

 K_ {a3} = \ frac {[\ mbox {H} ^ +] [\ mbox {PO} _4 ^ {3 -}]} {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} \ simeq 2.14 \ times10 ^ {- 13}

Very basic pH and compound (pH = 13), we find

\ Frac {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} {{[\ mbox {H} _3 \ mbox PO} _4]} \ simeq 7.5 \ times10 ^ {10} \ mbox {,} \ frac {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} \ simeq 6.2 \ times10 ^ 5 \ mbox {,} \ frac { [\ mbox {PO} _4 ^ {3 -}]} {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} \ simeq 2.14

This shows that the only PO43- and HPO42- two Almtwajaddan in large quantities.

To compound the basal neutral pH (such as a basal Alcetosol cytosol pH = 7.0), we find

 \ Frac {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} {{[\ mbox {H} _3 \ mbox PO} _4]} \ simeq 7.5 \ times10 ^ 4 \ mbox {,} \ frac {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} \ simeq 0.62 \ mbox {,} \ frac {[\ mbox {PO} _4 ^ {3 -}]} {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} \ simeq 2.14 \ times10 ^ {- 6}

Therefore only H2PO4- and HPO42- ions Etwajadda in large quantities (62% H2PO4-, 38% HPO42-). Note that in the extracellular fluid (pH = 7.4), this is the ratio becomes reversed (61% HPO42-, 39% H2PO4-).

For a strongly acid pH (pH = 1), we find

\ Frac {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} {{[\ mbox {H} _3 \ mbox PO} _4]} \ simeq 0.075 \ mbox {,} \ frac {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} {[\ mbox {H} _2 \ mbox {PO} _4 ^ -]} \ simeq 6.2 \ times10 ^ {- 7} \ mbox {,} \ frac {[\ mbox {PO} _4 ^ {3 -}]} {[\ mbox {HPO} _4 ^ {2 -}]} \ simeq 2.14 \ times10 ^ {- 12}

showing that H3PO4 is dominant with respect to H2PO4-. HPO42- and PO43- are practically absent.

Phosphate can form many polymeric ions, diphosphate (also pyrophosphate), P2O74-, triphosphate, P3O105-, et cetera. The various metaphosphate ions have an empirical formula of PO3- and are found in many compounds.

Phosphate ore can contain significant quantities of uranium, who is a natural. Subsequent uptake of such soil amendments can lead to crops containing uranium concentrations.

Biochemistry of phosphate
In biological systems, phosphorus Cajun free phosphate in solution exists and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphate associated with different phosphate esters. In general, inorganic phosphate writes as follows Pi and at physiological pH (neutral) consists mainly of a mixture of ions HPO
2.
4
 And H

2
PO
-
4
.

And can be synthesized inorganic phosphate analysis of water پirovosvat, which distinguishes PPi:

P

2
O
4.
7
 + H2O in equilibrium with 2 HPO
2.
4
However, the more common the presence of phosphate places is in phosphate Alodnocn formula, (mono phosphate Alodnocn Adenosine monophosphate AMP, dual phosphate Alodnocn Adenosine diphosphate ADP and tri-phosphate Alodnocn Adenosine triphosphate - ATP) and in DNA and RNA can launch analysis water of ATP or ADP. There are similar bilateral interactions and phosphate, tris other nucleotides. And it contains links Alfosfoonhedrid in ADP and ATP, or other bilateral and tri-phosphate nucleotides, high amounts of energy that give them the pivotal role in all living organelles. And Kovsvat generally referred to as high-energy, just like Alphusvajnat in muscle tissue. And compounds such as phosphines substituted uses in organic chemistry, but it does not seem to have a natural isotopes.

Add or remove phosphates from proteins in all cells chi pivotal strategy in regulating metabolic processes.

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What is chromium, characteristics and advantages and how to use it

The chrome, or English (Chromium): is a mineral important chemical elements. It is the general characteristics: it carries the code (Cr), and atomic number (24), and color gray or silver, and has a metallic luster. It was discovered in the eighteenth century, and commonly used in the nineteenth century and beyond, where chromium used in many applications and industries, and most important: the prevention of rust and corrosion and heat for many metals.


Chrome is the first element of Group F, located in the left of the periodic table of elements, and this group is one of the groups metallic elements transition, belongs to this group elements other than chromium, namely: molybdenum (Mo), and tungsten (W), and Saborgiom (Sg). Chrome is fast oxidation of elements in the event of exposure to the open air, where around outer layer consists of chromium oxides that are isolated from the rest of the internal metal air.


Extracted chrome metal of chromite ore found in igneous rocks, as chromium exists slim proportions in many foods, including: meat, liver, eggs, cheese, cereal grind whole: such as wheat, brown rice, corn, and others, chromium is also found in potatoes, and nuts, and others.


It uses chromium metal in many areas, including:


Many of the metals industry and improve the resistance to corrosion and rust, such as: steel industry Negotiable non-oxidants.
Chromium is used in tanning leather, leather tanning: It is addressed to some materials that clear them and remove them damp and stinking hair and readies for use.
Chromium is used in coloring glass, and this is done by some of the salts derived from it.
Chromium is used in the paint and coatings industry by some acids and oxides learned of it, it is also used in the manufacture of some materials used in painting and decoration.

The human body needs to chromium in small quantities ranging from 20 to 100 micrograms daily, and experts recommend greater than 100 micrograms per. Where chromium plays many vital functions in the human body, and those functions:


Chromium increases the effectiveness of insulin in the body, it helps to pass to the inside of cells, as chromium helps insulin to convert carbohydrates and fat into energy. This means that the chrome useful in the prevention of diabetes, and benefit patients who suffer from it.
Chromium helps to regulate cholesterol and glucose in the blood.

Chromium deficiency in the body may lead to many health problems, such as: high cholesterol in the blood, the higher the probability of exposure to heart disease. It can also lead to a deficiency of insulin and the lack of effectiveness of the disordered, leading to the emergence of symptoms of diabetes on the person.

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What is the chemical element mercury

Chemical element mercury has the symbol Hg and atomic number 80 in the periodic table, a silvery liquid, its density (13.54 g / cm 3), freezes silver-colored slant of the blue looks like a bullet in his appearance and when (-38.9 ° C), and boil at (356.9 ° C) .
When the passage of an electric spark in mercury vapor, emits flashing dazzling, and ultraviolet light.
At a temperature (-269 ° C) becomes the mercury density - Note here that the degree of (-271 ° C is the degree of cumulus clouds heat left over from a cosmic explosion that launches microwave background radiation of the universe (CMB).
And thus become mercury (superior conductor) - the non-existent resistance to an electrical outlet; while the degree of absolute zero temperature is (-273.16 degrees Celsius), a temperature at which stop the movement of molecules.
The unusual character of the state of superconducting lies not only in the lack of resistance to electrical current, but also in the production of intense magnetic fields without the use of iron hearts of files, as electricity can be stored inside.

Isotopes of mercury
Mercury ten matches, seven of the stable, and unstable isotopes, and two equals produce negative beta rays, and one of these two isotopes and industrial isotopes are:
(80 bugs 196), a peer-existence in nature 0.1%, (80 bugs 198), a peer-existence in nature 10%, (80 bugs 199), (80 bugs 200), (80 bugs 201), (80 bugs 202), and (80 bug 204); all of stable isotopes in nature.
(80 bugs 197) isotope is unstable in nature, where turns into gold, as follows:
80 bugs> 79 y 197 +1 u 0
(80 bugs 203) isotope natural radiates rays negative beta, (80 bugs 205) peer-industrial radiates also rays negative beta; and the peer natural Cunha Silver tends to color gray dark, while peer industrial Venzirh tends to color red mercury oxide with being a means of Mittal.
Two types of radioactive mercury type is a Russian industrial radioactive isotope, and the type of Pharaonic Egyptian said about him, a kind of natural radioactive, but it is disconnected Kthavia very pure. Gram and up to $ 300,000 in it as he was talking about some naughty.

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Nickel alloy .. new material provides steel protection

 Managed three researchers from the design and manufacture of nickel alloy that can be used in the field of aerospace and solar cells, the three researchers are Dr. Abdul Wahid Kazem Dr. Jalil Karim Ahmed and engineered important Majeed from the University of Babylon, and the granting of the research team patented patents Division in the Iraqi Central Bureau for Standardization and Quality Control.

Innovative and ingot provide protection for the steel from corrosion for long periods and have the potential power generation from solar cells has to maintain compatibility Alkahrokemiaoa and performance of this alloy property it was much better than cadmium in various tests carried out on it, and paint this alloy demonstrated outstanding corrosion protection for parts painted out.

The nickel-metal twenty-second element in abundance in the earth's crust, as is the metal seventh for the abundance of transition elements, and in spite of the presence of many minerals which contain nickel element, but the metal sulfides and oxides are the most important major minerals to produce it.

It is worth mentioning that the nickel metal is mainly used in the various alloying where it can be mixed with many metals such as copper, manganese, iron, chromium, and is used especially in non-ferrous alloys and steel to improve their quality in terms of durability, corrosion resistance, hardness and good properties at temperatures high.

Uses 60% of the nickel in the steel industry steel and 13% for the manufacture of nickel alloys, has expanded the use of nickel in the industry, thanks to a private good characteristics that earned alloys such as good mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance in acidic media and the basal and in the air and saline solutions, and the nickel his metal a great ability to retain flexibility, resistance and elongation at high and low heat, add this to the high magnetic properties, and the attractive silver color.

And used nickel alloys of commercial purity in many industrial uses such as food processing equipment, and industry drums chemical, and manufacturing of electronic devices, manufacture missile parts components and spacecraft, as well as the intervention of nickel alloy in the manufacture of alkaline lamps, heat exchanger and isolators.

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