The term carries a transitional metal or transition metal (also called a transition element) in chemistry are two explanations are possible:
In general is any element of the sub-level d in the periodic table, including zinc and scandium. This exactly matches the periodic table groups of 3 to 13.
To determine the most can be traced back to the elements that are at least the semi-ion full electrons in the electronic distribution of the elements of the sub-level d. This exactly matches the elements of the sub d level without zinc and scandium.
See also the internal elements of the transition, and this name given to any of the elements of level f.
Per interpretation of its uses and what is evidenced. The first is simple and easy trading volumes. While stem properties of transition elements as a group of their ability to contribute electrons equal sub-level s before-level sub-d, and this property is followed by all the elements of level sub-d with the exception of zinc, scandium, and so it is preferred to use the most accurate interpretation because of its usefulness in many situations. And electrons are contributing Aloorpittal d after s because once you start filling Aloorpittal d electrons approaching it from the nucleus, making the sub-level s electrons and thus far outer electrons.
Group fourth session of the fifth session of the sixth session of the seventh session
Electronic form
For the main group elements seventh transitional group in Figure league (elements from 1 to 20) has no electrons in d orbitals, but in orbits s, d only. At the fourth session of scandium to zinc level is filled with sub d. With the exception of copper Group and chrome are no elements d-block in the ground state where there Aketronan level in sub-s. Electronic form of d-block elements as follows: ns2 (n-1) d1-10 where n is the principal quantum number.
S outer orbit of the components of d-block is in the power of the state less energy d-block level n-1. Because the atoms tend to be in lower energy states, it is full of Almadra s first, but copper (4s13d10), chromium (4s13d5) are the exception and containing one electron in the outer orbit given the state of half full, which are more stable in the energy (that happens when the presence of 5 or 10 electrons in orbit d).
Containing scandium on a single electron in orbit d, and Aketronan in the outer orbit s. And Andala because scandium ion Sc3 +) does not have electrons in d orbitals any that can not be filled for this molecule electrons orbit, so it is like not to be of the transitional metals if we apply this specific rule. Similarly, it does not have zinc from the transition metals because it is no Cajun Zn2 + and contains over d is full.
Chemical properties
Transition elements tend to have a tightening torque, density, boiling point and the degree of melting of high temperature heat. As found in many of the transition metals, this is due to the ability of electrons d orbitals on relocation. The materials metallic, whenever the increased participation of electrons between the nuclei, where the metal stronger.
There are several general properties of transition metals:
Be colored compounds.
It can have more than one oxidation state.
Good catalysts.
Silver color tends to blue at room temperature, with the exception of copper and gold.
They are all solid at room temperature with the exception of mercury.
It can be complex compounds, which are described in the crystalline field theory.
Different oxidation states
When compared with the second group elements such as calcium, the transition metal ions and be a wide range of oxidation states. Show numerous cases of transitional elements oxidation because the case of partial fullness in the sub d level enables these elements give or accept electrons in chemical reactions. While loses calcium ion component of more than 2 electrons, while the transitional elements can lose up to 9 electrons. And it can be accessed for some reason this by examining the content of the thermal ionization of the two groups. The energy required to move an electron from calcium are low even try to move an electron from the sub-level to the next level outer s, which contains two electron. In fact, the Ca3 + has a high thermal content to the extent that it happens very infrequently normal. While any transitional element such as vanadium has an almost linear increase in heat content through ionization electrons orbits s, d, due to the proximity of power between the orbits 3d and 4s. On this vegan transition elements often found in high situations.
This table shows some cases oxidation compounds in the transition metals elements. Reference Oxtoby 2002.
This can be seen the emergence of a certain direction crescent appears session transitional elements:
An increasing number of each ion oxidation even access to manganese, which is due later this number to decrease. This decrease see the attraction of excess protons in the nucleus of electrons, which makes it difficult separation.
When there are elements in the cases of low-Altoks, they can be present on the simple ions body. But when you are in the top oxidation states they are often covalently linked to her Salbah electrical vehicles such as O, F, and in this there are multiple atoms and ions such as chromate Alphanidat Albermngenat.
Catalytic activity
Transition metals are good catalysts whether homogeneous or heterogeneous factors, for example iron is the catalyst in the Haber process. Nickel or platinum is also used in the hydrogenation of alkenes process.
Colored vehicles
The human eye can distinguish color during the visible frequency of the electromagnetic radiation of the electromagnetic spectrum. There are many colors resulting from a change in the composition of light after reflection or absorption when colliding with any material. As for the installation of the transitional metals, Vgnha be colored compounds and ions. The color change of the element through the various Oionath per MnO </ nowiki> 4- (Mn in oxidation state +7) compound purple color, while Mn2 + pale pink color.
Using complex compounds can be to determine the color of the transition elements. This is because of the influence of ligands on orbit 3d. Ligands to attract some of the 3d electrons orbit and split them up in groups and less energy. Electromagnetic radiation can be observed if the frequency proportional to the energy difference between the cases of energy-existing bodies in corn (according to the equation e = hf) when light collides with the seed, which is where the 3d orbit divided, some electrons are upgraded to a higher energy level. And therefore, since it can absorb many of the frequencies of light it produces from that Adede of colors in complex compounds.
Color depends on the complex compound on the next and so on:
The type of metal ion, specifically the number of electrons in orbit d.
Order ligands around the metal ion (for example, can isotopes stereochemistry).
Nature Allegnd Hait Bayonne metal. The more Zzdat force Allegnd greater the energy between the two sets 3d separate differences.
Compound complex consisting of d orbitals in zinc (element and which is not considered a transition element) has no color, because the genie 3d is full, there is no Aketrnat moveable to a higher energy level.
