Germanium definition
Germanium chemical element in the periodic table, atomic number, atomic symbol that Ge is a semi-metallic appearance, a solid white color gray greenish final orbit has 4 electrons. And chemically similar to the group any carbon to its neighbors such as tin and silicon. This element is often not inclined Union when it has electrons. Thus, it is a rare occurrence in nature element.
How to get it
Germanium, there is usually a small .bkmyat mixed with other metals and obtained by filtering each of the following metals: copper, zinc and iron. Germanium is extracted primarily from sphalerite.
History of the development of germanium
In fact, it is the development of germanium loop sequential to the development history of the transistor according to the following chronology: in 1869 the chemical expect Russian Dmitry Ivanovich since the life and existence of several chemical elements are unknown, including a new element would fill a gap in the carbon family in the periodic table of elements. Due to its position in the periodic table located between the silicon and tin [3], since the life he called for ekasilicon (es), and said that the atomic mass is estimated at about 72.0.
In mid-1885, when a mine explosion near the towns of Freiberg, Saxony, has been to find a new metal. -Called (Orgyrodta), because of its silver on the high percentage of (metals). [4] | group = n}} The chemist Clemens Winkler analysis of this new metal, and in 1886 he isolated a new element is somewhat similar to antimony. Prior to that published the results of Winkler on the new item, and decided that he could label this element Ballenbtuom. Since the discovery of the last planet Neptune in 1846, which was preceded by sports expectations of discovery "has previously years was discovered in 1940 chemical element Last though not the item that carries the day neptunium name." [5] [6]> Instead, he has sought to discover a new element germanium (from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany) in honor of his homeland. [7] This new element showed some similarities with the elements arsenic and antimony as shown in the right place in the league table. This is what gives the similarities of this component with the previous expectation "ekasilicon" to the world Dmitry since the Leaf 'so-faceted confirmed that he belongs to this place in the periodic table. [7] [8] and in 1887 confirmed Winkler chemical characteristics of the new element. [9] [7] Close </ ref> missing for marking <ref> The Winkler is able to set up several new compounds of germanium, including fluorides, chlorides, sulfides, and the second germanium oxide, the compound ((C2H5) 4) and the actual data of these compounds were made discovered an important affirmation of the idea since the life of the elements of the periodic (since the fiber) expectations. Until late 1930, and was thought to be of no importance to the metal germanium. Only after 1945 it has become economically important, when it was the recognition of similar characteristics to the semiconductor. However, during World War II, small amounts of germanium used in the manufacture of some electronic devices, most of which began diodes. The latter was her first major use in linking the contact points for the detection of pulse radar during the war. Before 1945, only a few hundred kilograms of germanium was produced in smelters each year, but by the end of 1950, total annual production in all parts of the world 40 metric tons.
Transistor industry has developed and provides the production of germanium in 1948, and opened the door to countless electronics applications in solid state. And in 1955 it obtained the first of silicon germanium alloy. In early 1970, the growing market for germanium transistors replaced replaced in each of the diodes, and the ingredients. Despite the superiority of the electrical properties of silicon, but it requires purity much higher, and that purity can not be commercially achieved in the early years of semiconductor electronics. At the same time, increased demand for germanium for use in fiber optic communications networks and x-infrared night vision systems. To use it in this end such as 85% of germanium consumption worldwide in 2000. This is considered by the US government as a strategic and decisive, calling to 146 tonnes in the national defense stockpile in 1987.
Observed
Germanium differs from silicon in: Germanium is limited to the display to provide sources of exploitation, while Msdermaan of silicon is limited to provide production capacity for silicon comes from ordinary sand or quartz. As a result, in 1998 it was the purchase price of silicon less than $ 10 per kilogram, but the price of 1 kg of germanium nearly $ 800.
Germanium properties
Germanium is similar with methane.
We can identify the characteristics of germanium under standard conditions so .otaatmthel are as follows:
Germanium fragile element, silvery white, and semi-metal element.
This model is known technically as the inherent Germanium - α, which has a metallic luster and structure of the diamond crystal cube.
Jermanyumvi composition similar to methane as Modkh in return form (similar to methane).
In pressures above 120 GPa Pascal become known as inherently different forms of germanium -β, which has the same structure tin β, along with the following elements: silicon, gallium, bismuth and antimony.
Germanium is one of the few elements that can accommodate it solidifies (freezes any) of molten condition.
Germanium semiconductor containing impurities of just one part in 1010, making it one of the purest materials obtained than ever.
Alloy of germanium with uranium and rhodium. It is a superconductor in the presence of the field a very strong electromagnetic.
Chemical
Germanium compounds rating
Germanium element oxidizes slowly to GeO 2 at 250 ° C according to the following equation: 250 ° GeO 2 -- e G 2 + 2O Germanium is soluble in dilute acids and alkalis but dissolves slowly in concentrated sulfuric acid and reacts violently with alkalis. Germanium is often in the oxidation state (+4) despite the fact that many of the known compounds become oxidation (+2). There oxidants rare, such as (+ 3) found in compounds such as Ge2Cl6, and Altoksdat (+) and 3 (+1) were observed on the surface of oxides, and oxidation negative observed in the German states such as: (4) in the compound (GeH4). And oxidation of the element in these ions not right, similar to oxygen ides Ooz on 3.
It is known there are two types of oxides Germanium: First, second germanium dioxide (GeO2, Germania) and the second first germanium dioxide (Geo), can be obtained GeO2 of sulfide Germanium (GeS2), which is a white powder that is insoluble (only slightly) in but the water reacts with alkali to form germanates. And also with bilateral following vehicles: sulfide (GeS2), diselenide (GeSe2), selenide (GeSe), and Telluride (GeTe).
For example: is obtained germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, a colorless liquid boiling until 83.1 ° C by heating the metal germanium with chlorine, according to the following equation: 83.1 m ° GeCl4 --- e + 2ClG4
Radioactive isotope of germanium
Germanium of five natural isotopes of great importance are:, 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge and 76 Ge. The large number of organometallic compounds. Table Representative above illustrates some of their characteristics in terms of: Natural availability, half-life, the pattern decay (ie energy decay in megabytes electron volts) and the output decay 72Ge is a stable isotope has 40 neutrons as already in the table and gives the element (_ ^ 77) Se stable with edit high-energy electrons is used in conjunction with radon in nuclear batteries. And no more than that of germanium at least 27 peer-all of which are radioactive isotopes of atomic mass ranging between 58-89 g / Mul.o the most stable of these elements is Ge 68, resulting from the decomposition of electron capture .uyemizh half-life is estimated at 270.95 d. And least stable of these elements is Ge 60 has a half-life of Iqdrb 30 milliseconds. While most radioactive isotope of germanium which decay over time produced by the decomposition of β beta rays, such as the following elements: Ge 61, Ge 64 produced by the emission of a proton + β. The Ge 84, Ge 87 produced by the delayed neutron emitted edit.
Natural abundance
Has been detected [10] germanium in the atmosphere of Jupiter [11] In some of the most distant stars. [12] also has an abundance in the earth's crust nearly 1.6 million. [13] However, there are only a few of the metals contain significant amounts of germanium such as argyrodite. However, some of them Kalzenk and copper ore, lead contain enough of germanium that can be extracted in the last final of raw focus. [49] There is a process of uranium enrichment unusual lead to the production of a high proportion of germanium in some coal seams, which was discovered by researcher Victor Moritz Goldschmidt through a broad survey of the deposits of germanium. [14] found in Hartley highest concentration of germanium than ever in coal ash rate of up to 1.6%. [14] [15], and also near the Inner Mongolia found to contain an estimated 1600 tonnes of germanium. [13]
Germanium production
Production in 2006 was about 100 tons of germanium. [16] At the present time, it is retrieved from sphalerite zinc ores products mainly to give amounts up to 0.3%, [17] and especially of large sediment hosted by one of the following metals: zinc, lead and copper. Zinc, lead. [49] and thus made available to the United States that the estimated reserves figures of the amount estimated at almost 500 tons, in contrast to the opportunity available to all countries around the world. [13]. [13] In 2007, 35% was received from germanium recycled. [13]. [13]
Russia and China have used each other source for the production of a large concentration of germanium, a fly ash from coal-fired power plants. [54] Vodaia Russia located in the far east of the country on the island of Sakha Lin. There is also the coal mines northeast of Vladivostok used as a source of germanium [13]. [13] The deposits are located in China mainly brown coal mines near Ankang and Yunnan. [13]. [13]
Germanium has been used in several areas including: optics, electronics and other areas.
Fiber optics in Aldaia alloy of germanium oxide silica (Item 1).
1.- the heart of 8 μm
2.- fractions 125 μm
3.- bumper 250 μm
4.- protector 400 μm
The main uses of germanium in 2007, all over the world is estimated to be used by 35% of the systems the optical fiber optics and infrared represent 30% 0.15% stimuli polymerization, and 15% for electronics applications, electricity from solar energy. [16] The remaining 5% is used in other applications such as phosphors and minerals. Germanium used in fiber optic communication networks, infrared night vision systems. To use it in this end such as 85% of germanium consumption worldwide in Aam2000.mma make it particularly useful for wide-angle lenses. [57] [58] At the end of 2002, fiber optic industry accounted for 6% of the annual use of germanium in the United States. And germanium is used to change the optical properties, as is the case in DVDs rewritable them. [60] Because germanium transparent in the infrared and is very important in visual material infrared, which are easily able to refine the lenses and windows. It is used in particular as a basis optics in thermal imaging cameras that operate from 8 to 14 microns, and which represents the wavelength range passive and hot thermal imaging in the detection of military operations and fire fighting applications. [56] It is also used in spectroscopy and other optical equipment which require sensitivity to detect infrared radiation. [58]
As for Electronics
And germanium materials of the most commonly used as a semi-conductor semiconductor. A semiconductor good because it does not contain a strong metallic properties. Germanium is used in semiconductor manufacturing devices such as diodes, batteries and solar energy, and transistors.
Also using silicon germanium alloy -alta turn into a semiconductor material - in high-speed integrated circuits. [19] silicon germanium worthy of use in wireless communications devices. [16] As is the case for SiGe chips which is characterized by high speed and distinctive characteristics with low-cost for these applications, and techniques for the production of solid metal. [16]
Gallium arsenide cell Germanium
It is beginning to replace gallium arsenide element replaced (GaAs). Because germanium, gallium arsenide, and the lattice constants are very similar, it can be used in solar cells. [20] There are other uses in electronics include phosphors fluorescent lamps. [21] The base of germanium solid state light-emitting diodes any lamps. [16] and to some extent now still used germanium transistors in some effects pedals by musicians who want to clone the distinctive character of the degree of color. [22]
Other uses germanium
Plastic flask Chwevh.uestkhaddm
A PET bottle
Also the second germanium dioxide in stimulating Plumrh- materials, a use for which the unseen in the United States - [23] and high proportions of polyester to produce bottles and marketed in Japan. [23] [16]
Recent years have seen an increase in the use of germanium alloy in precious metals' silver, for example, and it requires a ratio of 1.2% of germanium. [16]
It can be used in a crystal detectors to determine the exact sources of radiation, for example in airport security. [24] Germanium metal is useful for X-ray diffraction. [25] For the detection of gamma-ray spectrum and the search for dark matter. [26]
Germanium of dietary supplements [edit]
Germanium has gained popularity in recent years for its ability to improve reputed to immune system function in cancer patients. It is available in the United States as a supplement food counter in capsules or tablets by mouth, as a minimum and can be injected. Earlier led forms of inorganic, especially salt citrate to a large number of cases of kidney failure, Altnkis fatty liver and neuropathy in individuals who use the above on the basis of medication from the previous chronic diseases, but the germanium concentration in plasma and urine of these patients had a large margin , it led to the death of many of them. [27].
Reserves of germanium
As of 1922, use a group of doctors in the United States germanium to treat patients who suffer from anemia. [28] and more than that was used in other forms of treatments, but dubious efficiencies. According to the technological development has been discussed Alajalscri and its role in cancer. [29] For some compounds of germanium low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects against certain bacteria. [25] This property makes these compounds useful for chemotherapy agents. [72] concluded that the US administration research in the field of food and medicine to the germanium, can be used "as a dietary supplement," with the possibility of some human health risks. "[30]
Ann Germanium is not thought to be essential to the health of plants or Alehiwanat.lon some compounds pose a threat to human health. But, for example, liquid and gaseous chloride including germanium, respectively, can be very irritating to the eyes, skin and lungs and throat. [31] However, the germanium has little or no effect: the environment because it is usually associated with elements in the raw materials and carbon materials, and is used in very small quantities in commercial applications. [16]
Additions
It expected and there is a new element, the existence of the planet Neptune was expected in about 1843 by two mathematicians John Couch Adams and Urban, using the methods of celestial mechanics calculations. They did so in attemopts to explain the fact that Uranus level based on very accurate observation. [7] However, James Challis continued to search for him in July 1846, until the planet watched on September 23, 1846 after several attempts. [8]
